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Severe consequences of the global financial crisis resulted in re-thinking the risk management processes and approaches. OECD (2009), BIS (2008), FSA (2008) and IIF (2007) suggested that corporate risks should be “high on the agenda” of every organization, highlighting the need for a comprehensive (enterprise-wide) risk management framework. What has been realized in the aftermath of the global financial crisis is that a failure to transmit information about risk exposures can be attributed to the traditional silo-based risk management (TRM) (OECD, 2009).

Economic theory suggests that consolidation of hospital ownership through the formation of multiple hospital ‘‘systems’’ should lead to improved hospital performance. The general view of system superiority follows from considerations of economies of scale, improved financial and other administrative management, and better access to financial capital. Still, there is little evidence demonstrating greater efficiency in system-affiliated hospitals. The majority of studies have found hospitals belonging to multiple hospital systems to be more cost than independent hospitals, raising questions regarding the social value of much of the recent growth of new inter- organizational relationships. (Carey, 2003)

Decision-making process about the development of new products is fundamental for the growth and prosperity of any company, particularly in the fast changing medical device market (Ivlev et al., 2015). Companies must innovate to be successful but this invariably carries some risk and uncertainty. In recent years, the issue of evaluation of investment effectiveness into medical devices has been intensively solved, both at national and international level (Heintz et al., 2016) due to the growing market with medical devices (Craig et al., 2014).

Tax systems of developed countries contain provisions that give a preferred status to housing and homeownership. A significant relief is provided especially by the combination of non-taxation of imputed rental income and mortgage interest payment deductibility. Real user costs of owner-occupied housing are reduced (see Poterba & Sinai, 2008) and thus a bias in favour of the homeownership is created when households are encouraged to buy rather than to rent their dwellings.

Conducting business involves a constant flow of money and capital, whose renewal and expansion on the one hand and distribution and investment on the other need to be managed. Business entities are required to be able to sustainably appreciate capital invested, therefore, it is necessary to conduct analyses of the rate of return on capital invested as part of business management.