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Not everyone has enough skills and abilities to tackle complex financial markets and make prudent financial decisions in uncommon situations. People worldwide have been using paid and unpaid sources for advice from someone they trust to overcome them. Numerous studies have witnessed fruitful results from financial advisors in financial planning, such as retirement planning and wealth creation (Irving, 2012; Stolper & Walter, 2017). The current issues, such as complexities of the financial market and difficulties arising out of the economic crisis, are becoming worrisome (Crotty, 2009; Taylor, 2011; Xiao & O’Neill, 2016). The volatile economic environment and the problems of retirement financial security (Wang & Shi, 2014) add to its severity. The most important of all is to know how to make a prudent economic decision in financial aspects (Lusardi & Mitchell, 2014). The suffering resulting from the likelihood of losing money due to erroneous financial conclusions leads to financial anxiety (Cwynar et al., 2020).

Freeman (1984) describes stakeholders as “those groups who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the firm’s objectives”. “Each stakeholder will either expect or demand to be part of all critical decisions on the project” (Kerzner, 2009). The stakeholder engagement is the most substantial matter in any project (Abidin, 2010). Stakeholders are defined as legal entities or individuals who have stakes in a project or are able to affect project execution (Olander, 2005). McGrath and Whitty (2017) define stakeholder as “an entity with a stake (interest) in the subject activity”. Stakeholders can significantly influence on project outputs. At each project phase, the number and type of stakeholders may vary and have different interests that should be effectively met (Oppong et al., 2017). These different interests may conflict with each other and certainly make it even more difficult to determine stakeholder engagement strategies. It is not practically possible to make all project stakeholders satisfied.

In the current world, there is an informational imbalance in employer-employee relationships (Cabrelli, 2019). While employers usually enjoy higher levels of resources, expertise, and access to information about labour conditions, employees are disadvantaged than employers as they have to face multiple issues and barriers. Employees are in a difficult situation concerning contract negotiation and writing. Due to better resources, employers are in a better place regarding eliciting unilaterally favourable contractual terms. As employers have a form of monopoly, they tend to be involved in intimidating and unprincipled behaviours like treating employees inconsistently, which could be detrimental (Deakin, 2012). There is also a gap in the process of monitoring and enforcement of contractual obligations (Wachter, 2012). This situation tends to affect employees far more than an employer, e. g. any cost overrun for the employer is often passed down indirectly to employees in reduced compensation and deferred benefits.

Recent advancements in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) offered various options to the consumers to select best goods and services according to their requirement. As a result, manufactures and companies are experiencing challenges for retaining their customers and for which they are adopting innovative customer relationship management strategies. Further, it is well known by marketers that, customers have various kinds of needs and wants. Hence, they try to establish certain criteria to better identify and understand customer groups and provide preferable products and services to them in order to satisfy their varying needs and wants. In this regard segmentation is viewed by them as an important technique to create profitable segments and allocate resources to respond to the needs of selected segments based on their valuableness. However, many marketers have difficulty in identifying the right customer segments to organize marketing campaigns.

There can be found many articles in which price discrimination was swiftly considered as a negative phenomenon, mainly behavioural economy studies. Such studies described it as pricing leading to consumer-detrimental effects and increasing companies’ profits. However, this rule is not as universal as it may seem. The case is more complicated because exceptions do exist, and they are far from rare – software, cell carrier services, real-time stock quotes, electronic newspapers subscription, electric energy supply, payment accounts, books, copyrighted content streaming, file storage, and more. These information and network goods were often treated as any mass-produced physical goods, which is not an adequate approach. The article’s ambition is to contribute to a change. I hope that after reading the article, you would agree that price discrimination in the case of information and network goods should be viewed by different optics.