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A key long term consequence of the Great Recession of 2007–2009 was a rapid surge in public debt, especially in developed market economies. The OECD debt to GDP ratio stood at 79.9 per cent in 2008, and was expected to stabilize at 111.1 per cent in 2014.

The present tendencies are expanding worldwide due to three main directions: the globalization which implies increased international competitiveness, technological changes (introduction of ICT led to the need for qualified employee, therefore knowledge has become a necessity), organizational behaviour, ICT, knowledge, innovation are considered priorities. Developed countries and the OECD recognized that some common themes are emerging, the need “for policy coherence in dealing with development for leadership from developing countries and for partnerships with shared risk as well as a focus on key sectors for social and economic development. The related theme is innovation.