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Utilisation of the balanced capital structure creates the base for the stable development of any company. Having optimal capital structure is a key strategic task for financial management. Currently, there is a myriad of theories describing the current state and recommending the optimal state of enterprises’ capital structure. Fundamental ones are the Modigliani-Miller theorem (Modigliani & Miller, 1958, 1963), the trade-off theory (Kraus & Litzenberger, 1973), the pecking order theory of capital structure (Fisher & Donaldson, 1962), and dynamic trade-off models (Brealey & Myers, 2014). Verifying the statement: “The behaviour of Czech companies confirms the preference for debt financing over equity. This behaviour is the same across sectors.” is the first goal of this contribution. Based on the result, we can reveal fundamental capital structure theory for Czech companies and we can set the recommendations valid for the Czech environment in general. This will help financial managers to lead their enterprises into balanced capital structures.

Teachers’ training is one of the critical and sustainable development goals in technical education & vocational training (TVET) to promote employability and up-gradation of expertise and skills to increase industrydriven education practices and competencies to up-to-date quality of training and education provision (Kennedy et al., 2021). However, the competency-based training & assessment (CBT&A) approach for improvement of teacher training is based on CBT&A curricula on requisite skills. The competency-based training & assessment (CBT&A) approach allows vocational education teachers to regulate updated resources and learning requirements better and efficient manner (Ahmed & Sayed, 2021). Professional development and continuous training of the teachers are vital for the implementation of competency-based training & assessment (CBT&A) delivery in Pakistan (Ahmed & Sayed, 2021).

In the modern world, one of the key factors of success of an organization is intellectual capital. A dynamically changing external environment exerts pressure on enterprises to implement innovative solutions, products and services. The value created to a lesser degree depends on the possessed tangible assets, compared to the value of intangible ones. Intellectual capital resources are established as the basis for the level of competitiveness of an organization in the 21st century by among others Bounfour and Edvinsson (2005), Cabrita and Vaz (2006). Currently, competitive advantage is determined by unique recourses, which are difficult to reproduce by the competition. Intellectual capital is thus more and more often perceived as a key resource of an enterprise. It is also one of the most valuable resources of an enterprise, which enables its sustainable development. It is critical base of organization’s innovative and strategic sustainability (Bontis, 2002; Bontis et al., 2000). It is comprised of human capital, structural capital and relational capital.

The problem of the developed countries is the aging of the population. Developing countries, for the time being, do not experience it so urgently yet due to the lower average age of the population, but their standard of living is also beginning to improve. In 2000, the percentage of older individuals aged 65+ years reached 12.4%. In 2030, this number should rise to 19% and in 2050 to 22% (Transgenerational, 2009). In Europe this population group aged 65+ represent 18% of the 503 million Europeans, which should almost double by 2060 (Patterson, 2006). This trend of aging population causes additional problems such as increased costs on the treatment and care of those elderly people (Maresova et al., 2015a; 2015b). Therefore, there is ongoing effort to extend the active life of this group of people in order to allow them to stay economically and socially independent. And current technological devices and services can assist them in this process.

By way of public budgets is in economically developed countries redistributed approximately one half of the produced GDP. According to the EUROSTAT data (EUROSTAT, 2012), total government expenditures in the EU countries (EU-7) accounted in 2012 for 48.9 % of GDP, of which expenditures on the local governments’ level accounted for 11.5% of GDP. In the Czech Republic, these expenditures stood in 2012 at 43.9% of GDP, while local governments’ spending accounted for 9.8% of GDP. A more detailed comparison of the ratio of total public expenditures to GDP and expenditures of local governments to GDP brings the following table.

Assessment of location factors cannot be considered stable either from the point of view of time, or that of particular economic sectors. However, it is possible to define economic sectors which can be considered as demanding a large amount of space in terms of location factors and economic sectors which are spatially neutral.

The main motivation of our research was to analyze alternative ways of funding tertiary education. Primarily, we focused on the tuition fees payable by foreign students. The main research questions were: - Who (or what) influences the student in deciding whether to travel?
- What is expected from a student studying abroad? - What the student feels could be an obstacle to studying abroad? - What is the basic amount for monthly living expenses while studying abroad, which the student is willing to accept?