Domů

Usually an individual performs two most prominent roles in daily life. One is the work role, other is the family role. It is not uncommon to find it difficult for an employee to balance both roles simultaneously and as a result they may face work family conflict. Following this conflict perspective, mostly studies have looked into the darker side of work family balance i.e., work family conflict (Greenhaus & Powell, 2006; McNall, Nicklin, & Masuda, 2010) but some researchers argued the positive side of work family interface (Aldous, 1969; Marks, 1977; Sieber, 1974). The conflict perspective of work and family role has been paid with extra attention in work place.

Parcel delivery service, or courier service, is defined as delivering small and light parcels, quickly and accurately relying on sophisticated networks and the reliable tracking of the shipments (Ducret, 2014). Due to the rapid expansion of e-commerce, parcel delivery service industry became one of the fastest growing industries in the world and characterized as follows. First, it is an asset intensive industry since it requires huge investment on facilities such as delivering vehicles and hub facilities. Because of huge investment and long payback period, small and medium sized companies are seldom found in the market. Second, the core competencies of company are the speed and the accuracy of delivery.

Information communication technologies (ICT) over the last five years have become one of the main parts of the society. Smartphones, personal computers have become an integral part of everyday life. E-commerce is a very relevant subject and the topic is discussed around the world. In 2013, 41% of all internet users had purchased online and sales in 2015, reach $1,471 billion (statista.com, 2016).

The period of economic recession and crisis usually intensifies the discussion of policies that aim to increase economic performance. Among these we often find suggestions to increase support of research and development, entrepreneurship and innovations. Economic crises create certain pressures to search for adequate policies in this respect; at the same time, crises seem to be the appropriate periods for implementing new policies. However, the research of the relation between business cycles and innovative activities is still rather marginal.

In industrial and developed countries, the restructuring of public sector increased the importance of fiscal decentralization in the second half of 20th century. In Eastern Europe its implementation delayed to the 1990´s. The decentralization of decision-making powers was supported by the fiscal federalism theory in the 1950´s and 1960´s (Oates, 2005) developed by Samuelson (1954; 1955), Tiebout (1956), Musgrave (1959). In this period many famous authors as Olson, Buchanan, etc. published their ideas in the field of collective action (Zabkowicz, 2017). Famous is also the decentralization theorem formalized by Oates (1972) and the Leviathan hypothesis elaborated by Brennan and Buchanan (1980).