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the profitability of their company’s investments. They also encounter various types of costs – from the managerial perspective, these include paid taxes. Therefore, the management at multinational corporations takes advantage of the global digital economy and tries to plan tax liabilities in order to minimize them. Ignoring the opportunity to avoid taxes can result in a less competitive position. Tax planning has become an important tool for achieving better financial results. Within the global economy, the international aspect of tax planning is a key factor for multinational corporation management. The importance of tax burdens can also be seen in decision making on where to invest. Lower tax burdens can increase an investment’s profitability; therefore, managers incorporate rating tax legislation into their decision-making process for investment.

a successful business is good knowledge of past and current trends, for the right long-term decisions to be made. According to Brealey et al. (2011), knowing where a company stands today is a necessary prelude to contemplating where the company might end up in the future. One of the options for supporting short-term and long-term decisions is financial analysis and financial ratios. Financial ratios have traditionally been indicators of a corporate’s overall performance (Rahman et al., 2017) and may help to quantify the potential impact of internal ratings on financial performance (Belas et al., 2012; Klieštik et al., 2020).

In a global economy, competition is the primary driver of market competitiveness. “Globalization causes large-scale changes in the technological, economic, political, and social fields of social development. These changes have a contradictory impact on the development of national economies and their competitiveness. Ceteris paribus, there is a tight interrelation between country’s economic competitiveness and a rate of its economic growth: the higher the rates of economic growth in the country, the bigger the chance for an increase in its national competitiveness and vice versa” Fyliuk et al. (2019). In this context, Ivanová and Čepel (2019) state that the key factor of the states’ increasing competitiveness is assumed to be the innovation performance of enterprises, which is projected through innovative business processes into the innovation performance of the economy as a whole.

Sovereign credit rating (SCR) is an important utensil to judge the creditworthiness and competitiveness of an economy, which facilitates the potential investors to gain confidence in making investment decisions across the globe (Yang et al., 2019). It serves as a “credit passport” to investors to gain useful information about the financial markets in terms of dependable share prices, trim financial obstacles along with provocative effective investment (Mclean et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2019; Zhao et al., 2020). Higher SCR signals a relatively higher performance of companies/ economies (Cubas-Díaz et al., 2018). The efficient market hypothesis holds that financial markets are sensitive to new information, where a piece of information is translated into security prices, depending upon the development of such markets.

The shortcomings in traditional financial reporting have become more than obvious, if we look at the results of different researches or studies in the field, but especially according to the thesis supported by Robert Eccles, from Harvard Business School, which shows that only 25% of the market value of a company can be attributed to its accounting value, the rest of 75% coming from the evaluation of the value created by IA (such as strategies, product innovation, customer loyalty, future profits, goodwill, etc), which are fully accounted for only extraordinary events, such as acquisitions and mergers of companies, or the sale of their subsidiaries (Eccles, 1991). Thus, only a small part of the factors that contribute to the creation of value are identified and presented in the reporting used by investors, which obviously creates an obstacle in understanding the mechanisms of value creation, taking into account the strategic importance of IA.