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The best defense against existential problems of a company appears to be good financial health, based on a satisfactory financial situation. If, however, considerably weakened, the company gets into financial distress, which may turn into a financial crisis and end up in bankruptcy. The primary means, by which we would be informed about the condition of the enterprise, are bookkeeping data of a company. From there, based on financial analysis, we can identify scenarios leading to good management decisions and, consequently, to the financial health of the company.

There have been many attempts to coordinate the corporate taxation systems of EU Member States. First, in 1962, the European Commission suggested splitting the corporate tax rates and applying a different tax rate for retained and distributed profits. Furthermore, eight years later, the Temple report suggested the implementation of a classical system of corporate taxation in the EU Member States.

Every economy aspires to enlarge the share of high-tech industries in its industrial structure, considering this share as one of the main determinants of country’s economic development. Hence, the induction of high and medium-high technology industries through R&D support, stimulation of innovation activities and higher quality may help economies to avoid getting trapped in the low-tech specialization during the long term.

Tax systems of developed countries contain provisions that give a preferred status to housing and homeownership. A significant relief is provided especially by the combination of non-taxation of imputed rental income and mortgage interest payment deductibility. Real user costs of owner-occupied housing are reduced (see Poterba & Sinai, 2008) and thus a bias in favour of the homeownership is created when households are encouraged to buy rather than to rent their dwellings.

The study of connections between unemployment and its impacts on human health and economy has been the object of research since the US economic crisis in the 1920s (Brenner, 1967; Brenner, 1969; Kasl et al., 1968; Kasl & Cobb, 1970; Cobb, 1976). Evidence shows that loss of employment negatively affects not only health of individuals who have lost a job but also that of their partners and family members and reduces the life expectancy (Eliason & Storrie, 2009).

Financial literacy (FL) represents a basic and inevitable skill that is important for human existence in the 21st century. In recent years, there are evident activities in a support of fi nancial education especially from the European Commission (EC) side. The EC issued “The Communication on Financial Education” report. This report explicitly states economic and social advantages of a higher level of FL as well as fundamental principles of financial education control according to the chosen procedures (European Commission, 2007).

Economic theory suggests that consolidation of hospital ownership through the formation of multiple hospital ‘‘systems’’ should lead to improved hospital performance. The general view of system superiority follows from considerations of economies of scale, improved financial and other administrative management, and better access to financial capital. Still, there is little evidence demonstrating greater efficiency in system-affiliated hospitals. The majority of studies have found hospitals belonging to multiple hospital systems to be more cost than independent hospitals, raising questions regarding the social value of much of the recent growth of new inter- organizational relationships. (Carey, 2003)

Decision-making process about the development of new products is fundamental for the growth and prosperity of any company, particularly in the fast changing medical device market (Ivlev et al., 2015). Companies must innovate to be successful but this invariably carries some risk and uncertainty. In recent years, the issue of evaluation of investment effectiveness into medical devices has been intensively solved, both at national and international level (Heintz et al., 2016) due to the growing market with medical devices (Craig et al., 2014).

Conducting business involves a constant flow of money and capital, whose renewal and expansion on the one hand and distribution and investment on the other need to be managed. Business entities are required to be able to sustainably appreciate capital invested, therefore, it is necessary to conduct analyses of the rate of return on capital invested as part of business management.

Despite voluminous literature on the entrepreneurial behavior, studies examining Czech specifics are very rare – specified below. Most of studies come from US and relatively few from Europe, namely Netherlands and Austria.

With some regional differences, employment levels in many developed economies are very high, and competition for skilled staff is intense. Competitive labour markets aside, competition for employees is likely to become an increasingly important issue as the population worldwide ages (Wilden, Gudergan, & Lings, 2010). Employer branding has gained favour as a management tool over the last decade. Even as firms face global economic conditions that are both difficult to forecast and subject to extreme variance, the need to attract, retain and motivate staff remains (Moroko & Uncles, 2009).

The 21st century is characterised by social transformations, as economic development relies on knowledge rather than labour force, natural resources or capital as before (Jankauskienė et al., 2012). Drucker (1980) and Strassmann (1989) were among the first ones to talk about the importance of information and knowledge expressed in words – it is one of the most important and special resources which, when in use, can bring significant benefits.

The success of 21st century retailers depends increasingly on their online presence and the development of interesting and attractive communication and presentation of offers to internauts who spend a lot of time on social media interacting with people, catching up on the latest news, commenting on various events and situations and sharing other people’s posts (Young, 2015; Dabija et al., 2018).

In the past, companies attempted to address customers using marketing communication tools such as television ads and public relations. A major disadvantage of these tools is the passive way in which customers receive information on products and brands (Hennig- Thurau et al., 2010; Libai et al., 2010). In recent years there has been steady growth in the share of two-way communication, which has resulted in a revolutionary change in the role of the customer from passive to active. This change was brought about in particular by the internet boom and the emergence of social media (Ungerman, 2016).

Severe consequences of the global financial crisis resulted in re-thinking the risk management processes and approaches. OECD (2009), BIS (2008), FSA (2008) and IIF (2007) suggested that corporate risks should be “high on the agenda” of every organization, highlighting the need for a comprehensive (enterprise-wide) risk management framework. What has been realized in the aftermath of the global financial crisis is that a failure to transmit information about risk exposures can be attributed to the traditional silo-based risk management (TRM) (OECD, 2009).