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Innovation is widely considered as an important factor for competitiveness and has been a focus of research for decades (Szabo, Soltés, & Herman, 2013). Innovation is very important for organizations and companies, because it helps them to gain a constant competitive advantage in today’s uncertain environment; and they can dominate their rivals (Teigland, Di Gangi, Flåten, Giovacchini, & Pastorino, 2014). Organization have to innovate in order to survive (Bowers & Khorakian, 2014). Because of rapid changes and intense competition in IT industry, IT companies need more innovation to grow and survive. Those companies who cannot present innovative products and services to the market constantly will definitely lose (Constantinides, 2013). One can refer to such kinds of companies as AOL, WebTV, Napser, Alta Vista, Nokia, Fairchild and Palm Computing (Bouman, 2010).

The challenging work environment of the 21st century has resulted in a great deal of global, societal and organizational change (Fry, 2003). We are experiencing a global crisis of confidence that has spread among many people and organizations (Parameshwar, 2005). Corporate fraud (Schroth & Elliot, 2002), negativity stemming from the downsizing of companies, anxieties resulting from emerging technologies (Giacalone & Jurkiewicz, 2003), and the financial crisis have affected the way employers see their organizations and leaders. Congruent with that reality, organizations have started to give more importance to positivity and developing strong characteristics of employees, rather than focusing on negativity and weaknesses (Avey, Luthans, & Jensen, 2009). Similarly, academics and organizational behaviour experts started to focus on positivity and positive sides of organizational life. This change in mentality brought about the need for a more holistic leadership style that can integrate minds and souls of people: namely, spiritual leadership.

The establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZ), and other types of privileged areas, is a common policy approach adopted by countries in order to attract domestic and foreign capital, increase exports or employment, increase trade openness or facilitate minor economic transitions within the country. By setting a preferential business climate, with lower taxes and tariffs made available in a restricted territory, governments promote investment inflow and encourage flourishing businesses to grow and cluster within zones, thus generating positive spill-over effects to the neighbouring areas.

Research of the issue of evaluating the efficiency in specialized hospital facilities in Slovakia is all important and up to date with the following reasons leading the way. The first one is based on the finding that the number of newborns in Slovakia suffering from congenital heart diseases has increased over the recent years, and in the period between 2002 and 2012 annually 451 children at an average are born with this congenital disorder. The incidence of live-born children suffering from congenital heart disease has been steadily increasing since 2009. The second reason is in that the diseases of the circulatory system are rated among the most frequent cause of hospitalization and mortality in Slovakia, as confirmed by the International Classification of Diseases or the ICD (the international equivalent of the Slovak MKCH-10).

Website usability and user experience are key measures of website quality (Sivaji & Tzuaan, 2012) and a key component of the websites that are commercially successful (Lowry et al., 2006). For today’s users, there are so many options in the environment of the Internet that each misstep in meeting user’s expectations might result in loss of the potential customer (Kakalejčík, 2016). Krug (2014) consider the usable website to be a place where a person of average (or even below average) ability and experience can figure out how to use the website in order to accomplish something without it being more difficult than is the value obtained by using it. The usable website has several attributes. It is useful, learnable, memorable, effective, efficient, desirable and delightful. Moreover, Aziz, Kamaludin, and Sulaiman (2013) add satisfaction and accessibility as additional features. Casaló, Flavián, and Guinalíu (2008) claim that perceived usability is an indirect factor that affects customer loyalty and positive word-of-mouth through satisfaction.

In July 2014, the German agency GTAI (Germany Trade & Invest) released a comprehensive document named Industry 4.0 with a subtitle, Smart Manufacturing for the Future, identifying Germany as a potential global leader in digital economy development based on the definition of Industry 4.0. (MacDougall, 2014) When the elements of electronics and information technology in industrial processes were used in the late 1960s, the imaginary door opened to the start of the industrial revolution, the fourth in row.

The economic science has for centuriesanchored its endeavor to understand decisionmakingpatterns of people in explicit or implicitassumptions of utility maximization. And yet,for most of that time the utility remained anempty box, devoid of any content. The termutility was a scholarly short-hand for whateverpeople want to achieve and remained vague fora reason: in recognition of the subjective natureof what human preference it was designedto accommodate just about anything, and itwas after all considered none of economists’business to speculate about its precise content.

Project Portfolio Management (PPM) deals with the coordination and control of multiple projects that pursue the same strategic goals and compete for the same resources, whereby managers prioritize among projects to achieve strategic benefits. PPM deals with simultaneously managing multiple projects and includes defining values, specifying priorities, solving conflicts between projects as well as defining organizational structure and the rules of its functions (Spradlin & Kutoloski, 1999). To provide maximum value to the organization, the portfolio must contain a balance of project types and risk levels as well as limit the number of projects to ensure that all projects can be resourced effectively (Killen, Hunt, & Kleinschmidt, 2008). According to numerous studies, project portfolio management is currently applied in the practice of nearly all modern enterprises (Miguel, 2006).

Several factors may be earmarked as vital to smooth and successful working of a developed economy; and one of these factors is the financial system, which provides valuable services to the economy and its stability is always deemed imperative to the stability of the entire economy (e.g. Beck et al., 2014, p. 1-2). This laudatory statement is by no manner diminished by the fact that there is – at it happens – a scattered mosaic of opposing opinions to what extent a sound financial system is actually important to economic growth (Levine, 1997; Thiel, 2001). The key function of the financial system in an economy is “to channel savings to investment” (Thiel, 2001, p. 7), or – putting it differently – to connect agents with surplus funds to those who are in deficit, which are merely two different ways to describe the essence of financial intermediation. The definition is suggestive that financial intermediation should be assessed by comparing how surplus funds are matched against deficit needs.

Households represent one of the economic subjects entering to the market mechanism. The microeconomic theory focuses on households mostly as units of consumption, savings, partly as production units. Households participate on the side of the supply as well as on the side of the demand (Samuelson & Nordhaus, 2013; Mankiw, 1999). Households´ specific status on the supply side arises from the fact that households offer their ability to work at the labour market. When considering households on the demand side, mostly demand for goods and services that satisfied households´ needs must be included.

The problem of the developed countries is the aging of the population. Developing countries, for the time being, do not experience it so urgently yet due to the lower average age of the population, but their standard of living is also beginning to improve. In 2000, the percentage of older individuals aged 65+ years reached 12.4%. In 2030, this number should rise to 19% and in 2050 to 22% (Transgenerational, 2009). In Europe this population group aged 65+ represent 18% of the 503 million Europeans, which should almost double by 2060 (Patterson, 2006). This trend of aging population causes additional problems such as increased costs on the treatment and care of those elderly people (Maresova et al., 2015a; 2015b). Therefore, there is ongoing effort to extend the active life of this group of people in order to allow them to stay economically and socially independent. And current technological devices and services can assist them in this process.

There is convincing evidence to suggest that understanding the fundamental needs of human beings is essential if we are to develop strategies to transition society towards more sustainable forms of development (Hall, 2006). Besides, human needs satisfaction is likely to “make fewer demands on our environmental resources, but much greater demands on our moral resources” (Brown, 1982). As such, it is a moral obligation for governments, societies, industries, and individuals, to help fulfill human needs by enhancing health, safety, economy, and society, while preserving the environmental assets such as biodiversity and natural resources; i.e. to realize sustainable development.

In everyday life, people tend to make various choices, which directly or indirectly bare consequences to a person’s economic welfare. One of those choices is the communication preference. Given that the communication is one of the essential pillars of the marketing science, the importance of the analysis of the communication and related topics is imperative. Given the digitalization of the modern world we encounter a situation of data overload while real, “face-to-face”, communication diminishes. At this point, it is necessary to gain as much as possible information from the data, especially if the communication is digital. That is one of the reasons for the necessity of quantification of the influencing factors on communication. Therefore, it is relevant to pursue the quantification of the traits and biases which influence people’s rationality and consequentially their choices.

Nowadays, organizations may deal with a variety of issues challenging the decision making such as overflow of data, lack of information, lack of knowledge and insufficiency of reports (Lin, Tsai, Shiang, Kuo, & Tsai, 2009). Over the years, management information systems including DSS, ES, EIS, and so on have been widely supported companies with their decisions; however, a key missing capability to manage decisions for emergencies, monitoring competition, collect data from different points of views, and carrying out constant analyses of numerous data and consider different variants of organization performance, is the major cause of failure to adequately meet the needs of enterprise decision-makers (Olszak & Ziemba, 2007). Given the widespread changes and the dynamics of today’s environment, organizations need to use new information systems that can analyse the various causal relationships both within and outside the organization. Hence they move towards using business intelligence (Gangadharan & Swami, 2004; Duan & Da Xu, 2012).