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Tobacco is one of the most important cash crops and is considered as a domineering industrial crop. Tobacco is more proficient than any other crops to produce a massive amount of biofuel if cultivated for energy production instead of smoking (Andrianov et al., 2010). Pakistan is the world’s 8th largest tobacco producer (Shahbandeh, 2020). Over 75,000 farmers are cultivating tobacco in Pakistan. The crop was cultivated about on 51,000 hectars with a total production of 113,000 tones during 2017 (GOP, 2018). Tobacco crop got a significant place in the economy of the country by accommodating 350,000 workers directly and indirectly and is also adding up revenue of over Rs. 300 billion per annum. It is also providing a livelihood to about 1.2 million people in the country (Board, 2018). It is worth mentioning that tobacco has witnessed a decrease in production during 2016 with negative growth of 2.6 percent, over the same period last year (GOP, 2018).

Design is an important factor that contributes to the business success thanks to its potential to strengthen their competitiveness (D’Ippolito, 2014). There is a correlation between the use of design and business performance and subsequent macroeconomic growth (Denmark National Agency for Enterprise and Housing, 2003). An example of an economy significantly influenced by design is Great Britain’s economy. Design Economy created a gross value added of 85.2 billion GBP in the United Kingdom in 2016, corresponding to 7% of British gross value added. In a longterm perspective, between 2009 and 2016 the economy influenced by design grew by 52% and expanded far beyond fields that are part of creative industries (Benton et al., 2018). Design is a specific subtype of Innovation (OECD/Eurostat, 2018); it is an important business factor and it is integrated into many aspects of production and deliveries of products. The use of design helps companies to innovate, it increases companies’ productivity and turnover (Benton et al., 2018).

Generational differences in various workrelated characteristics such as work values, motivational drivers, preferences and workplace expectations have become a widely discussed research and intervention topic in recent years (Lyons & Kuron, 2014; Campbell et al., 2015; Sobrino-De Toro et al., 2019). The growing interest reflects the impact of the demographic, economic and technological shifts in society on the world of work and on how organisations maintain a multigenerational workforce (Lub et al., 2016). In recent years, research has primarily focused on the members of three generations (Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y) to explore the features that differentiate these generations from each other in terms of workplace values, expectations, attitudes and organisational outcomes (Moore et al., 2015). At present, the next generation of employees – Generation Z – is about to enter the labour market, which will present challenges and opportunities for both researchers and companies (Knapp et al., 2017; Rodriguez et al., 2019).

The academia finds it necessary to know which factors, whether internal or external to consumer behaviour, influence their purchasing behaviour of ecological or natural products or services, which in the field of tourism take the form of a new form of alternative tourism, either through nature tourism or ecotourism (Hultman et al., 2015). Within the research on consumer behaviour, studies have been carried out to understand the attitude of so-called ecotourists (Han, 2015; Kiatkawsin & Han, 2017), but their ecological behaviour as consumers continues to be a field of research that offers diverse spaces for study, since the research is still scarce, especially in terms of knowledge of the importance of psychographic, personality, cultural, economic and demographic factors (Hultman et al., 2015; Kiatkawsin & Han, 2017). Furthermore, the literature review emphasizes the need to deepen the understanding of environmentally responsible behaviour by incorporating the external, contextual, or group variables that influence such behaviour (López Miguens et al., 2015).

Managers need to know the situation of companies they manage and what their prospects are in the market. That is why the financial analysis has become a necessary part of the managerial decision-making of any company that intends to succeed in today’s competitive environment. It represents an assessment of the past, the present and the future of the company’s financial health. One of the tools of financial analysis is the bankruptcy prediction model. The great advantage of such models is that their primary source of input data is based on internal information from the company, internal accounting statements, included in the final accounts, that is, their balance, profit and loss statement, cash flow. Accounting units are obliged to prepare their final accounts according to legal requirements. For example, in the Czech Republic, under Act No. 563/1991 Coll., on Accounting, there is an exemption for micro and small accounting units that do not need to prepare cash flow statement if their turnover is up to CZK 200 mill. and their assets are not greater than CZK 100 mill.

In recent years, the importance of human resource management in companies has been growing unstoppably. It is related to the growth of modern technologies, the education of the population, dynamic movements in the market of goods and labour, the democratisation of society, etc. However, in the face of growing pressure, the complexity of change, and the competition they face on a daily basis, most executives have to cope with the growing conflict and divide between management and leadership requirements of organisations. Managers work under a lot of pressure and stress, so they do not have the time and sometimes the desire to be a leader, and conversely, leaders do not manage to be managers. Combining the two functions is extremely difficult. Because every company works first and foremost with people, there is always a large number of tasks that the company must successfully solve in order to exist. Since human resources are of strategic importance to everyone today, they are a prerequisite for the existence of the company and its further development.

According to the study by Ernst & Young entitled: “Global FinTech Adoption Index 2019”, the level of users taking advantage of FinTech services, expressed as a percentage of the digitally active population for 27 selected countries in 2019 presented the level of 64%. It is worth pointing out that for China this figure amounted to 87%, Great Britain 71%, Switzerland 64% and the USA 46% (Ernst & Young, 2019). As highlighted by Anderson (2015), people of different generations and demographic backgrounds incorporate new technology into their lives at different rates. This paper is focused on Millennials alone, also referred to as Generation Y. This generation includes people born in the period from 1980 to 1995. Millennials, along with Generation Z (also known as iGen and referring to people born in the years 1996–2010), belong to the generations which currently generate highly significant changes in the environment of modern financial institutions (Swacha-Lech, 2019).

Cultural intelligence (CQ) is the ability to effectively function in a culturally diverse environment and succeed in such environment (Ang et al., 2007). CQ gives people and organizations a competitive advantage in international markets (Ang & Inkpen, 2008; Groves & Feyerherm, 2011) and is seen as a prerequisite for the success of any subject in an international environment (Elenkov & Manev, 2009; Creque & Gooden, 2011; Groves & Feyerherm, 2011; Livermore, 2015). Present success or failure in an international and intercultural environment is strongly affected by intercultural sensitivity, cultural intelligence, and ‘cross-cultural competencies’ as an overarching way of thinking (Johnson et al., 2006). These competencies make people more capable of making important global strategic decisions and communicating better on an intercultural level.

Individuals in mandatory pension saving (MPS) scheme in Slovakia have their savings allocated mostly in one of the pension funds – equity or bond funds. Saving in only one of these funds will be considered as benchmark strategies. In our article, our goal is to compare the profitability that can be achieved with benchmark strategies compared to life-cycle savings strategies. In their case, the ratio of savings between equity and bond components changes dynamically, depending on the age and remaining savings period of 40 years (480 months). We deal with 3 types of individuals with different education level. In addition to comparing the potentially achievable returns at the end of the saving horizon, we will also be interested in the volatility of achievable returns and their spread from the average with the selected savings strategies. Savers are trying to get the best value for money, but they should also take into account the fact that higher potential appreciation also entails higher risk.

Every company needs financial resources for its business activities before its establishment and during its existence. For accounting purposes, these funds are arranged in the balance sheet, in which they form a part called the capital or financial structure, which, including both longterm and short-term sources of funding, is the subject of this research. In addition to the time structure, the financial structure is further divided into equity and debt sources of financing. The question that economists have been trying to answer for more than half a century is “what the right ratio of equity and debt sources of funding is?” We could find studies of various years, such as Modigliani and Miller (1963), Bradley et al. (1984), Bokpin (2009), Orlova et al. (2020), Růčková and Stavárek (2020) or Jin (2021). Unfortunately, even in such a long time, no answer has been found, because the balance of funding sources is influenced by a number of factors and therefore, countless studies dealing with this issue are still being published. In view of this fact, there is no general theory of capital structure, as stated by Myers (2001).

The production of food products is one of the strategic branches of the manufacturing industry, as it supplies food to the market and thus ensures the diet of the population. In 2018, based on data from the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MPO, 2019), the food industry accounted for 5.4% of the total value added of the manufacturing industry. Furthermore, 7.6% of employees in the total number of manufacturing industry workers demonstrate social importance, however, with a significant wage disparity compared to other sectors of the manufacturing industry. The business structure of the Czech food industry is represented mainly by small and medium-sized enterprises and so the importance of this sector is also irreplaceable from rural development point of vies. However, in a strong competitive environment, more and more production concentration and at the same time specialization are manifested.

The financial crisis of 2007/2008, known as the global financial crisis, caused by a combination of an asset price bubble in the real estate sector and a credit bubble leading to excessive leverage, highlighted the importance of the household sector for financial stability of the whole economy. Easy to get a loan and the belief that the house prices would appreciate encouraged more borrowers to get into debt. American households and financial institutions became deeply indebted. At the end of 2007, American households’ total loans and debt securities relative to the GDP was 98.55% (International Monetary Fund, 2020). Mortgage defaults caused by the financial crisis affected financial stability also in European countries. The household sector can influence the economy mainly due to its size and position on the financial markets, but on the other hand, the economic situation of households is also affected by various social, economic, and political changes.

One of the thematic objectives of the European Union cohesion policy for 2014–2020 is to improve access to information and communication technologies and increase usability thereof, including the applications for the digitization of government. The digitization of all government areas has been among the European Union’s priorities since 2014. The objective is to create a fully operational unified EU digital market. The European Commission has adopted the EU eGovernment Action Plan for 2016–2020. The aim of this action plan is the modernization of public administration, establishment of a unified digital market and increased involvement of citizens and businesses for the purposes of providing high quality services. The EU eGovernment Action Plan defines specific measures for the acceleration of implementation of the existing legislation and the transition to online public services.