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Retail stock-out refers to a situation where a demanded product is not available to the customer in the expected location or is not in a saleable condition (ECR Europe, 2003). Many studies conducted in the last fifty years have shown that the average stock-out rate (percentage of the unavailable products at the time of the audit or purchase) is generally constant and varies between 7% and 8% (Aastrup & Kotzab, 2010). Although extensively studied for decades (e.g. Corsten & Gruen, 2003; Fernie & Grant, 2008; Zinn & Liu, 2001), the phenomenon of stock-outs remains one of the major problems for retailers and manufacturers (Aastrup & Kotzab, 2010).

Family businesses all over the world are suffering from long-term survival problems (Miller et al., 2004; Salvato & Leif, 2008) despite financially outperforming in the short run (Dyer, 2006; Villalonga & Amit, 2006). Meanwhile, general business literature agrees that if a business outperforms in accumulating more resources in the short run, it has a greater propensity to sustain in the long run (Efrat & Shoham, 2012). In this case, despite the diverse ideologies, the short term in this paper is termed to be less than three years. The simple question arising from these two research findings is why family businesses are not as sustainable in the long run if they can outperform in the short run?

Globalization of higher education and, consequently, of business education, is becoming one of the major challenges for the future development of the academic environment, as it accelerates the international dimension of higher education, which is very important to improve the quality of education, research and other higher education services (Jibeen & Khan, 2015). The paper`s research is limited to business education, whereby the term Business School is used for all high level educational institutions that offer study from fields related to Business, Commerce e.g. Economics, Finance, Management (as defined in the Oxford Dictionary). Therefore, terminological limitations should also be noted.

Rising income inequality is a growing concern for governments due to its adverse effect on the poverty level, income distribution, social and institutional stability, which in turn impede the economic growth and may lead to political instability. Taxation has long been regarded as the key instrument in a fiscal policy to reduce income inequality via the redistribution of tax revenues to finance public goods and to correct for market-income inequality (Atkinson, 1991). Although prior studies have extensively investigated the effect of taxation on income inequality (Martinez-Vazquez et al., 2012), the findings are inconclusive especially in developing countries (Bird & Zolt, 2014).

In today’s business world, the only constant is a change, so that the ability to learn, change and innovate plays an important role in business. Enterprises should actively create rules of the game and own future rather than passively react to changes (Mikoláš & Wozniaková, 2009; Merrill, 2015). Proactive behavior, seeking own way (Zelený, 2012) and creating innovator’s DNA is important (Dyer et al., 2011). Innovation and own recipe (Pearl, 2011) for its implementation is a necessary prerequisite for successful business in the highly competitive business environment. For companies’ future existence and development, innovations importance was recognized by a number of business owners and managers, who introduce changes and contribute to the creation of new trends in the business environment.